Basenji

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Basenji – General Description

The Basenji is a breed of hunting dog that was bred from stock originating in central Africa. Most of the major kennel clubs in the English-speaking world place the breed in the Hound Group; more specifically, it may be classified as belonging to the sighthound type. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale places the breed in Group 5, Spitz and Primitive types, and the United Kennel Club (US) places the breed in the Sighthound & Pariah Group.

The Basenji produces an unusual yodel-like sound commonly called a “barroo”, due to its unusually shaped larynx.[1] This trait also gives the Basenji the nickname “Barkless Dog”.[2]

Basenjis share many unique traits with Pariah dog types. Basenjis, like dingoes and some other breeds of dog, come into estrus only once annually, as compared to other dog breeds which may have two or more breeding seasons every year. Both dingoes and basenji lack a distinctive odor,[3][4] and are prone to howls, yodels, and other undulated vocalizations over the characteristic bark of modern dog breeds. One theory holds that the latter trait is the result of the selective killing of ‘barkier’ dogs in the traditional Central African context because barking could lead enemies to humans’ forest encampments. While dogs that resemble the basenji in some respects are commonplace over much of Africa, the breed’s original foundation stock came from the old growth forest regions of the Congo Basin, where its structure and type were fixed by adaptation to its habitat, as well as use (primarily net hunting in extremely dense old-growth forest vegetation).

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Classification and Standards

• FCI Group 5, Section 6, #43
• AKC Hound Group
• ANKC Group 4 (Hounds)
• CKC Group 2 – Hounds
• KC (UK) Hound
• NZKC Hounds
• UKC Sighthounds and Pariahs

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Character & Temperament

The Basenji is alert, affectionate, energetic, curious and reserved with strangers. The Basenji is somewhat aloof, but can also form strong bonds with people and can become emotionally attached to a single human. Basenji may not get along with non-canine pets. It is commonly patient, but does best with older considerate handlers. Basenji dislike wet weather, like to climb, can easily get over chain wire fences, and are very clever at getting their own way. The Basenji has the unique properties of not barking (it makes a low, liquid ululation instead) and cleaning itself like a cat. It can be described as speedy, frisky, tireless at play, and teasing the owner into play. Most Basenji problems involve a mismatch between owner and pet. Basenji often stand on their hind legs, somewhat like a meerkat, by themselves or leaning on something; this behavior is often observed when the dog is curious about something. Basenji reveal their animal-of-prey nature by chasing after fast moving objects that cross their paths.

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History

The basenji is arguably the most ancient dog breed; that is to say that the common ancestor it shares with all other existing dogs lived longer ago than the common ancestor of any two other living dogs.[11] However, this is not to say that most ancient common ancestor of all dogs was a Basenji, as the characteristics that define the breed may have evolved since then. Although the modern Basenji is from central Africa, at some point long ago its ancestor arrived there from eastern Asia, having evolved from either Chinese or southeast Asian wolves.[12]

Originating on the continent of Africa,[13] basenji-like dogs have lived with humans for thousands of years. Dogs resembling modern Basenjis can be seen on stelae in the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs, sitting at the feet of their masters, looking just as they do today, with pricked ears and tightly curled tails. Dogs of this type were originally kept for hunting small game by coursing.

Europeans first described the type of dog from which the basenji breed was derived in the Congo in 1895. These local dogs, which Europeans identified as a unique breed and called “basenji” were prized by locals for their intelligence, courage, speed, and silence. An article published called The Intelligence of Dogs by Stanley Coren, Ph.D. questions this. It ranks the breed at #78 out of 79 which is the second to lowest rank in intelligence. This is generally considered to be an unreliable list, as it only focuses on ability to listen to a first command. Independent dogs such as Basenjis and Afghan Hounds are generally considered more intelligent than obedient breeds because of their ability to recognize what benefits them, and what is simply to please another. .[14]

Basenjis were assistants to the hunt, chasing wild game into nets for their masters. The Azande and Mangbetu people from the northeastern Congo region describe basenjis, in the local Lingala language, as mbwá na basɛ́nzi. Translated, this means “dogs of the savages”, or “dogs of the villagers”. In the Congo, the basenji is also known as “dog of the bush.” The dogs are also known to the Azande of southern Sudan as Ango Angari.[15] The word basɛ́nzi itself is the plural form of mosɛ́nzi. In Swahili, another Bantu language, from East Africa, mbwa shenzi translates to “wild dog”. Another local name is m’bwa m’kube m’bwa wamwitu, or “jumping up and down dog”,[dubious – discuss] a reference to their tendency to jump straight up to spot their quarry.

Several attempts were made to bring the breed to England, but the earliest imports succumbed to disease. In 1923, for example, Lady Helen Nutting brought six basenjis with her from Sudan, but all six died from distemper shots they received in quarantine.[16] It was not until the 1930s that foundation stock was successfully established in England, and then to the United States by animal importer Henry Trefflich. So it is that nearly all the basenjis in the Western world are descended from these few original imports.[17] The breed was officially accepted into the AKC in 1943. In 1990, the AKC stud book was reopened to 14 new imports at the request of the Basenji Club of America.[18] The stud book was reopened again to selected imported dogs from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2013.[19] An American led expedition collected breeding stock in villages in the Basankusu area of the Democratic Republic of Congo, in 2010.[20] Basenjis are also registered with the UKC.

The popularity of the basenji in the United States, according to the American Kennel Club, has declined over the past decade, with the breed ranked 71st in 1999, decreasing to 84th in 2006, and to 93rd in 2011.[21]

Further study is needed to determine whether they belong to the subspecies Canis lupus familiaris, as is the case with most dogs, or rather into the subspecies Canis lupus dingo, like the Australian Dingo.[22]

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Size & Appearance

Basenji are small, elegant-looking, short-haired dogs with erect ears, a tightly curled tail and a graceful neck. Some people[who?] consider their appearance similar to that of a miniature deer. A basenji’s forehead is wrinkled, especially when the animal is young or extremely old. Basenji eyes are typically almond shaped, which gives the dog the appearance of squinting seriously.

Dogs typically weigh 24 pounds (11 kg) and stand 16 inches (40.6 cm) at the withers. They are typically a square breed, which means that they are as long as they are tall. The basenji is an athletic dog and is deceptively powerful for its size. They have a graceful, confident gait like a trotting horse, and skim the ground in a double-suspension gallop, with their characteristic curled tail straightened out for greater balance, when running flat-out at their top speed.

The basenji is recognized in the following standard coloration’s: red, black, tricolor (black with tan in the traditional pattern), and brindle (black stripes on a background of red), all with white, by the FCI, KC, AKC, and UKC. There are additional variations, such as the “trindle”, which is a tricolor with brindle points, and several other colorations exist in the Congo such as liver, shaded reds and sables, and “capped” tricolors (creeping tan).

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Health & Maintenance

There is apparently only one completed health survey of basenjis,[5] a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey.[6]

Many basenjis suffer from PRA (progressive retinal atrophy), which causes blindness, and Fanconi syndrome, which can cause kidney failure. Besides Fanconi Syndrome and PRA, Basenjis also suffer from Hypothyroidism, IPSID (immunoproliferative systemic intestinal disease), and HA (Hemolytic Anemia). Basenjis are also sensitive to environmental and household chemicals which can cause liver problems.

Mortality

Basenjis in the 2004 UK Kennel Club survey had a median lifespan of 13.6 years (sample size of 46 deceased dogs),[6] which is 1–2 years longer than the median lifespan of other breeds of similar size.[7] The oldest dog in the survey was 17.5 years. Most common causes of death were old age (30%), urologic (incontinence, Fanconi syndrome, chronic kidney failure 13%), behavior (“unspecified” and aggression 9%), and cancer. (9%).[6]

Morbidity

Among 78 live dogs in the 2004 UKC survey, the most common health issues noted by owners were with their skin and urologic[6] (urologic issues in basenjis can be signs of Fanconi syndrome).

Fanconi Syndrome

Fanconi syndrome, an inheritable disorder in which the kidneys fail to reabsorb electrolytes and nutrients, is unusually common in basenjis. Symptoms include excessive drinking, excessive urination, and glucose in the urine, which may lead to a misdiagnosis of diabetes. Fanconi syndrome usually presents between 4 and 8 years of age, but sometimes as early as 3 years or as late as 10 years. Fanconi syndrome is treatable and organ damage is reduced if treatment begins early. Basenji owners are advised to test their dog’s urine for glucose once a month beginning at the age of 3 years. Glucose testing strips designed for human diabetics are inexpensive and available at most pharmacies. Steve Gonto, M.M.Sc., Ph.D., has a ‘Fanconi Disease Management Protocol for Veterinarians’ that is commonly used by many veterinarians with Fanconi syndrome afflicted dogs.[8]

Fanconi DNA Linkage Test

In July 2007, Dr. Gary Johnson of the University of Missouri released the linked marker DNA test for Fanconi Syndrome in basenjis. It is the first predictive test available for Fanconi Syndrome.[9] With this test, it is possible to more accurately determine the probability of a dog carrying the gene for Fanconi Syndrome.

Dogs tested using this “Linkage Test” will return one of the following statuses:

• Probably Clear/Normal

Indicates the individual has most likely inherited normal DNA from both parents. It is unlikely that basenji which test this way will produce affected puppies no matter which dog they are bred to.

• Probably Carrier

Indicates the individual has most likely inherited normal DNA from one parent and DNA with the Fanconi syndrome mutation from the other parent. Although this basenji is unlikely to develop Fanconi syndrome, it could produce puppies that will develop Fanconi syndrome. To minimize the chances of this happening it is recommended carriers be bred only to those that test as Probably Clear/Normal for Fanconi Syndrome.

• Probably Equivocal/Indeterminate

Indicates the individual’s DNA contained features found in both “normal” and “carrier” basenji. At present it cannot be predicted whether these basenji are carriers or normal; however, it is unlikely that they will develop Fanconi syndrome. The safest strategy would be to treat them as “carriers” and only bred to those basenjis that test as Probably Clear/Normal for Fanconi Syndrome.

• Probably Affected

Indicates the individual is likely to develop clinical Fanconi syndrome and is likely to produce puppies with Fanconi Syndrome if bred to basenji other than those that test as Probably Clear/Normal for Fanconi Syndrome.

This linkage test is being provided as a tool to assist breeders whilst research continues towards the development of the direct fanconi test.

For more information about the linkage test visit: Basenji Health Endowment Fanconi Test FAQ.

Other Basenji Health Issues

Basenjis sometimes carry a simple recessive gene which, when homozygous for the defect, causes genetic Hemolytic Anemia.[10] Most 21st-century basenjis are descended from ancestors that have tested clean. When lineage from a fully tested line (set of ancestors) cannot be completely verified, the dog should be tested before breeding. As this is a non-invasive DNA test, a basenji can be tested for HA at any time.

Basenjis sometimes suffer from hip dysplasia, resulting in loss of mobility and arthritis-like symptoms. All dogs should be tested by either OFA or PennHIP prior to breeding.

Malabsorption, or immunoproliferative enteropathy, is an autoimmune intestinal disease that leads to anorexia, chronic diarrhea, and even death. A special diet can improve the quality of life for afflicted dogs.

The breed can also fall victim to progressive retinal atrophy (a degeneration of the retina causing blindness) and several less serious hereditary eye problems such as coloboma (a hole in the eye structure), and persistent pupillary membrane (tiny threads across the pupil).

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In Movies, TV, & Print

• The title character of the 1954 novel Good-bye, My Lady, by James H. Street, is a basenji. It’s the story of a young boy in Mississippi who takes in a most unusual stray. The book was made into a movie of the same name in 1956, with a cast that included Brandon De Wilde, Walter Brennan, and Sidney Poitier.[23]
• Veronica Anne Starbuck’s 2000 novel Heart of the Savannah features a basenji named Savannah. Savannah narrates this story about her adventures as an African-bred dog brought to America. Starbuck also wrote a sequel titled August Magic.
• Simon Cleveland wrote a novel titled The Basenji Revelation, published by Lulu Press in 2004, in which a government agent suffers amnesia and undergoes a change in personality after inheriting a basenji from his late mother. The book delivers insightful facts about the ancient origins of the breed.
• The true story of a basenji was featured in the episode The Cat Came Back [24] on the radio program This American Life. The segment tells the story of a family who chose a basenji because they do not shed or slobber, but became frustrated with his aloofness and destructiveness. They eventually bring him to live on a farm 30 miles (48 km) away, but within a few days the tenacious dog found its way all the way back home.
• In Spike Milligan’s War Diaries “Mussolini: His Part in My Downfall” (Sept 24, 1943) the following exchange takes place:
  …we are bloody lost. Lt. Budden is looking studiously at his map, the wrong way up.
  “It’s upside down, Sir.”
  “I know that, I turned it upside down for a reason.”
  “Sorry, Sir, only trying to help.”
  “If you want to help, Milligan, act like a basenji.”
• According to the webcomic Achewood, if Jesus Christ were a dog, he’d be a basenji.[25]
• A man and his Basenji were featured on an episode of LA Ink. The basenji has an unusual marking of a diamond in the middle of his back. The owner has a replica tattooed on his own back during the episode.
• Basenji are featured in an episode of the animated television series The Wild Thornberrys In episode 3.04 “Tyler Tucker, I Presume?”. Nigel Thornberry encounters a group of tribesmen along with their Congolese hunting dogs. The series’ director, Mark Risley owns several basenji, and his dogs provided the recorded “voices” for their animated counterparts.
• The basenji was featured on CBS’s early show during Dog Week

References

1. Adapted from the book Why Pandas Do Handstands, 2006, by Augustus Brown.
2. BCOA African Stock Project – 1945 Letter from Africa – http://www.basenji.org/african/tudor885.htm
3. http://akc.org/breeds/basenji/ AKC Meet the Breeds: Basenji. AKC.
4. Right Pet: Dingo – http://www.rightpet.com/ratingofdog/dingo/300
5. http://users.pullman.com/lostriver/breeddata.htm Dog Longevity Web Site, Breed Data page. Compiled by K. M. Cassidy.
6. http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570 Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. 2004. Purebred Dog Health Survey.
7. http://users.pullman.com/lostriver/weight_and_lifespan.htm Dog Longevity Web Site, Weight and Longevity page. Compiled by K. M. Cassidy.
8. http://basenjicompanions.org/health/images/Protocol2003.html
9. “Basenji Health Endowment: Fanconi Linkage Test FAQ”. – http://www.basenjihealth.org/linkage-faq.html
10. Basenji Health Issues – http://www.basenjiweb.com/basenji-health-issues.html
11. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7290/fig_tab/nature08837_F1.html
12. http://www.dibubasenjis.com/papers/domestication.pdf
13. Basenji Club Of America Introduction to Basenjis – https://www.basenji.org/BasenjiU/Owner/Handbook/HandPDF/IntroductionOG.pdf
14. Basenji Club Of America Understanding Basenjis – https://www.basenji.org/BasenjiU/Owner/Handbook/HandPDF/UnderstandingOG.pdf
15. BCOA African Stock Project – My Journey into the Home of the Basenji – http://www.basenji.org/african/tudor59.htm
16. BCOA African Stock Project – Lady Helen Nutting – BCOA African Stock Project – Lady Helen Nutting
17. BCOA African Stock Project – History of the Breed Presented to the AKC – http://www.basenji.org/african/jone8908.htm
18. http://www.basenji.org/NativeStock/Correspondence/FirstLetterToAKC.pdf
19. http://www.akc.org/pdfs/about/board_minutes/0808.pdf
20. Dibu Basenjis Expedition to Basankusu. – http://www.dibubasenjis.com/congo10.htm
21. “AKC Dog Registration Statistics”. American Kennel Club. – http://www.akc.org/reg/dogreg_stats.cfm
22. http://www.canids.org/species/Dingo.pdf p.223
23. Good-bye, My Lady (1956) – http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049271/
24. http://www.thisamericanlife.org/pages/descriptions/06/316.html
25. An Afternoon With Molly Sanders – http://m.assetbar.com/achewood/one_strip?b=M%5ea11f09b8576e606bcb5038dfdb92fb821&u=http%3A%2F%2Fachewood.com%2Fcomic.php%3Fdate%3D03072008

Photo Credits

1. Lindy Ireland (originally posted to Flickr as Billy) [CC-BY-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
2. Author releases image into the [Public Domain], via Wikimedia Commons
3. Pleple2000 [GFDL (www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons
4. Flickr user Erudasi (Flickr here) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
5. fugzu (originally posted to Flickr as Tepeu in Malawi) [CC-BY-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
6. fugzu [CC-BY-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
7. Flickr user copperfeesh (Flickr here) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
8. fugzu (originally posted to Flickr as Iside) [CC-BY-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
9. Mdalzell at en.wikipedia [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/), GFDL (www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) or CC-BY-2.5 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5)], from Wikimedia Commons
10. Sannse [GFDL (www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons
11. fugzu (originally posted to Flickr as Anexi & Balto) [CC-BY-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
12. fugzu (originally posted to Flickr as Marylin) [CC-BY-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
13. Mikel González (Copyright 2005 by Mikel González.) [CC-BY-SA-2.5-es (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/es/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons
14. Flickr user copperfeesh (Flickr here) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
15. Francish7 (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons
16. Tim Wilson from Blaine, MN, USA (Flickr) [CC-BY-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
17. Ibethagreatone (Own work) [CC0 (creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons
18. Pleple2000 [GFDL (www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons
19. fugzu (originally posted to Flickr as trindle) [CC-BY-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
20. fugzu [CC-BY-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
21. fugzu (originally posted to Flickr as Gaia) [CC-BY-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
22. Mark Kahn [GFDL (www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons
23. copperfeesh. Edited by User:Pharaoh Hound (Edit of Basenji pair.jpg) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

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It uses material from the Wikipedia article Basenji

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Breed Standard

Basenji

FCI-Standard N° 43 / 24. 01. 2000 / GB

ORIGIN : Central Africa.

PATRONAGE : Great Britain.

DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE ORIGINAL VALID STANDARD : 25.11.1999.

UTILIZATION :

Hunting dog, companion.

F.C.I. CLASSIFICATION :

• Group 5 Spitz and primitive types.
• Section 6 Primitive type.

Without working trial.

GENERAL APPEARANCE :

Lightly built, finely boned aristocratic looking animal, high on legs compared with its length, always poised, alert and intelligent. Wrinkled head, with pricked ears, proudly carried on a well arched neck. Deep brisket runs up into a definite waist, tail tightly curled presenting a picture of a well balanced dog of gazelle-like grace.

IMPORTANT PROPORTION :

Distance from top of head to stop slightly more than from stop to tip of nose.

BEHAVIOR / TEMPERAMENT :

Barkless but not mute, its own special noise a mixture of a chortle and a yodel. Remarkable for its cleanliness in every way. An intelligent, independent, but affectionate and alert breed. Can be aloof with strangers.

HEAD :

Fine and profuse wrinkles appearing on forehead when ears pricked; side wrinkles desirable but not exaggerated into dewlap; wrinkles more noticeable in puppies, but because of lack of shadowing, not as noticeable in tricolours.

CRANIAL REGION :

Skull : Flat, well-chiselled and medium width, tapering towards the nose. Side lines of skull taper gradually towards mouth, giving a clean-cheeked appearance.
Stop : Slight.

FACIAL REGION :

Nose : Black nose desirable.
Jaws/Teeth : Jaws strong with a perfect, regular and complete scissor bite, i.e. the upper teeth closely overlapping the lower teeth and set square in the jaws.
Eyes : Dark, almond-shaped; obliquely set, far-seeing and rather inscrutable in expression.
Ears : Small, pointed, erect and slightly hooded, of fine texture, set well forward on top of head, tip of ear nearer centre of skull than outside base.

NECK :

Strong and of good length, without thickness, well crested and slightly full at base of throat with a graceful curve accentuating crest. Well set into shoulders giving head a « lofty » carriage.

BODY :

Balanced.
Back : Short, level.
Loin : Short-coupled.
Chest : Deep brisket. Ribs well sprung, deep and oval.
Underline : Running up into a definite waist.

TAIL :

High set, with posterior curve of buttock extending beyond root of tail giving a reachy appearance to hindquarters. Curls tightly over spine and lies closely to thigh with a single or double curl.

LIMBS

FOREQUARTERS :

Forelegs straight with fine bone. Legs in a straight line to ground giving a medium front.
Shoulders : Well laid back, muscular, not loaded.
Elbows : Tucked in against brisket. When viewed from front, elbows in line with ribs.
Forearm : Very long.
Pasterns : Good length, straight and flexible.

HINDQUARTERS :

Strong and muscular.
Stifle : Moderately bent.
Second thigh : Long.
Hock : Well let down, turned neither in nor out.
Feet : Small, narrow and compact, with deep pads, well arched toes and short nails.

GAIT / MOVEMENT :

Legs carried straight forward with a swift, long, tireless, swinging stride.

SKIN :

Very pliant.

COAT

HAIR :

Short, sleek and close, very fine.

COLOR :

Pure black and white; red and white; black and tan, and white with melon pips and tan markings on muzzle and cheeks; black; tan and white; brindle : red background with black stripes, the more clearly defined the stripes the better. The white should be on the feet, chest and tail tip. White legs, blaze and white collar optional.

SIZE AND WEIGHT :

Ideal height :

Males – 43 cm (17 ins) at withers,
females – 40 cm (16 ins) at withers.

Ideal weight :

Males – 11 kg (24 lbs),
Females – 9 1/2 kg (21 lbs).

FAULTS :

Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.

Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioral abnormalities shall be disqualified.

N.B. : Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended into the scrotum.

© Fédération Cynologique Internationale